The Refrigerant Cycle

During stabilized conditions (A/C system shutdown), the refrigerant is in a vaporized state and pressures are equal throughout the system. When the A/C compressor is in operation, it increases pressure on the refrigerant vapor, raising its temperature. The high-pressure and high-temperature vapor is then released into the top of the condenser core.

The condenser core, being close to ambient temperature, causes the refrigerant vapor to condense into a liquid when heat is removed by ambient air passing over the fins and tubing. The now liquid refrigerant, still at high pressure, exits from the bottom of the condenser core and enters the inlet side of the evaporator core orifice.

The evaporator core orifice is the restriction in the refrigerant system that creates the low-pressure drop in the evaporator core and separates the high- and low-pressure sides of the A/C system. As the liquid refrigerant leaves this restriction, its pressure and boiling points are reduced.

The liquid refrigerant is now at its lowest pressure and temperature. As it passes through the evaporator core, it absorbs heat from the passenger compartment airflow passing over the plate/fin sections of the evaporator core. This addition of heat causes the refrigerant to boil (convert to gas). The now cooler passenger compartment air can no longer support the same humidity level of the warmer air and this excess moisture condenses on the exterior of the evaporator coils and fins and drains outside the vehicle.

The suction accumulator is designed to remove moisture from the refrigerant and to prevent any liquid refrigerant that may not have been vaporized in the evaporator core from reaching the A/C compressor. The A/C compressor is designed to pump refrigerant vapor only, as liquid refrigerant will not compress and can damage the A/C compressor.

The refrigerant cycle is now repeated with the A/C compressor again increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

The A/C cycling switch interrupts compressor operation before the external temperature of the evaporator core gets low enough to cause the condensed water vapor (excess humidity) to turn to ice. It does this by monitoring low side line pressure. It is known that a refrigerant pressure of approximately 210 kPa (30 psi) will yield an operating temperature of 0°C (32°F). The A/C cycling switch controls system operation in an effort to maintain this temperature.

The high side line pressure is also monitored so that A/C compressor operation can be interrupted if system pressure becomes too high. When the A/C compressor discharge pressure rises, the A/C dual-function pressure switch contacts open (4.6L and 5.4L) or the A/C pressure transducer value changes (4.0L), disengaging the A/C compressor. When the pressure drops, operation of the A/C compressor resumes.

The A/C pressure relief valve will open and vent refrigerant to relieve unusually high system pressure.

Fig 1: Clutch Cycling Orifice Tube Type Refrigerant System

Courtesy of FORD MOTOR CO.