Catalyst System: Notes

The catalytic converter and exhaust systems work together to control the release of harmful engine exhaust emissions into the atmosphere. Engine exhaust gas consists mainly of Nitrogen (N), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). However, it also contains Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Hydrogen (H), and various unburned Hydrocarbons (HCs). CO, NOX, and HCs are major air pollutants, and their emission into the atmosphere must be controlled. The exhaust system generally consists of an exhaust manifold, front exhaust pipe, upstream Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S), rear exhaust pipe, downstream HO2S, a muffler and an exhaust tailpipe. The catalytic converter is installed between front and rear exhaust pipes. Catalytic converter efficiency is monitored by the OBD-II system. For additional OBD-II Monitor information, see DIAGNOSTIC MONITORS  under COMPUTERIZED ENGINE CONTROLS.

The number of HO2S(s) used in the exhaust stream and the location of these sensors depend on the vehicle emission certification level (i.e. LEV, ULEV, PZEV). See Fig 1 and Fig 2 . On most vehicles, only two HO2S are used in an exhaust stream. The front sensors (HO2S11/HO2S21) before the catalyst will be used for primary fuel control while the ones after the catalyst (HO2S12/HO2S22) will be utilized to monitor catalyst efficiency. However, some Partial Zero Emission Vehicles (PZEV) will utilize three HO2S sensors for each engine bank. The stream 1 sensors (HO2S11/HO2S21) before the catalyst will be used for primary fuel control, the next group of sensors or stream 2 (HO2S12/HO2S22) is utilized to monitor the light-off catalyst and the last group of sensors or stream 3 (HO2S13/HO2S23) is utilized for long term fuel trim control to optimize catalyst efficiency (Fore Aft Oxygen Sensor Control). Currently Ford's PZEV vehicles use only a 4-cylinder engine, so only the Bank 1 HO2S(s) will be utilized. See Fig 1 and Fig 2 .